Removal of Heavy metal from wastewater using Nanofiltration; A Review

Abstract

Industrial effluent containing heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, chromium, copper, Nickel, etc. produced from different industries such as electroplating, steel industries, and metal surface treatment processes. Effluents containing heavy metals may cause serious problem for human health and environment, because of their high solubility toxicity, non-biodegradability in the aquatic environments. There are various conventional techniques are available to remove heavy metal such as absorption, ion exchange, adsorption, coagulation, etc. these conventional techniques are consuming large amount of energy and time. Nowadays membrane separation processes like nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) are used for removal of heavy metal because their high flexibility, energy saving and simple in construction. Concentration Polarization and membrane fouling are the key initiators to decline the permeate flux in a membrane separation processes. Among all these conventional technique membrane separation process is technically easy to separate heavy metals from wastewater. The Nanofiltration have lower operating pressure and high flow rates, Nanofiltration inexpensive than Reverse Osmosis. Present study discussed for Nanofiltration combine with surfactant and various parameters like pressure, concentration, pH, and cross flow velocity on chromium rejection and permeate flux of the membrane.