UPGRADATION OF PROPERTIES OF CLAYEY SOIL USING CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND PINE NEEDLES

Abstract

Since centuries the practice of stabilization and filaments intensification of soil is done. Plants, thatch and other natural fibers being used for the construction of the houses as reinforced materials, which is helpful to avoid fracture in masonry resources. The size of the particles of clay soil is very small as compared to other varieties of soil because of their size single particle of this soil is not visible by naked eye it is visible under electron micro scope. Therefore at very less space huge amount of particles can exist and the void ratio among them is also very small due to their fineness. Clayey Soil present moderately a few confronts to the geo technical engineer because it impersonate troubles associated to cracks, stability, settlements and swellings. For enhancing the property of this type of soil needles of pines and calcium chloride being used to solve the problem. Different types of test were done on index properties, compaction characteristics and soil reinforced with pine needles and calcium chloride and CBR value of the Parent soil. The observation was that there was reduction in the dry density with the accumulation of pine needles and OMC increases of the parent soil. 1. 92mg/cc was the value of the dry density of parent soil, with the accumulation of 0.7 % of pines it decreases to 1.81mg/cc, with the increase of pine needles from 0.7 % to 1.4 % the value of dry density reduces to 1.75mg/cc and the final with the increase in the value of pines to 2.1 % the dry density was reduces to 1.56 mg/cc. As outlying OMC was worried, the value of it increases with increasing in amount of pines in soil, when the percentage of pine was 0 % OMC was 12.95 and for 0.7 % pines OMC value was 16.20 and at 1.4 % of pines in soil the value of OMC was observed to be 14.45 and at last the value of 2.1 % of pines addition, gives OMC value 11.95. This increase in OMC and MDD be chiefly because of flocculation between clay particles and pine needles, consequently the outcome was of ascend in percentage of pines needles, pore void size also increases, that result in enhanced water holding capacity of soil accumulation and while the outcome there is increase in the moisture content. For preventing the restraint 4 % calcium Chloride be accumulated to soil in adding up to Pine needles. It was observed that optimum percentage meant for soil to stay stable in  significance to all its compaction properties like dry density, void ratio, OMC. The optimum percentage of mutually pine and calcium chloride be observed to be 0.7% and 4 % respectively. At 0 % pine needles as well as 4 % Calcium Chloride soil , maximum dry density was equivalent to 1.91 gm/cc as well as optimum Moisture Content was 4.95 gm/cc, with adding 0.7 % lime to this model maximum dry density increased to 2.08 mg/cc and OMT reduces to 5.45%. Various tests were carried out on 1.4 % pines and 4 % calcium chloride and 2.1 % pines and 4 % calcium chloride as it is understood from the fact that the dry density from here on will increase and as a result void ratio be negative which obviously should not happen. Since calcium chloride alone is not effectively sufficient to improve properties of soil. So pines were added beside being economical by reducing earth pressure, pines imparts ductility to soil, which would not have been possible alone by calcium chloride. Also pine alone does not have great impact on compaction properties. Combination of both at 0.7 % pines and 4 % calcium have been found to be best for soil. Beside the above mentioned properties on adding pines to the clayey soil it was found that CBR value increases a little bit but not to a great extent from 6.50 % for unreinforced soil to 7.73% and 8.84 % respectively by adding 0.7 % pines and 1.4%pines respectively. However at 2.1 % pines addition, CBR decreases from 8.84 % to 7.87%clearly indicating that as far as CBR is concerned optimum percentage of pines is 1.4 % by weight of soil after that CBR decreases. So to increase CBR value Calcium Chloride was added and was noted that significant increase in CBR value of Soil takes place that is to 13.52 from 8.84 % at 1.4 % pines and that of 6.50 % for untreated soil. Thus it can be concluded from above discussion it can be concluded that Combination of both calcium chloride and Pine needles in soil improves Both MDD and CBR value at certain percentages, hence this type of soil which is reinforced with these materials can be used for various purposes as various limitations like low strength, Water content in soil swelling properties etc have been encountered.